QueryBuilder.php

<?php
/**
 * @link http://www.yiiframework.com/
 * @copyright Copyright (c) 2008 Yii Software LLC
 * @license http://www.yiiframework.com/license/
 */

namespace yii\db;

use yii\base\InvalidParamException;
use yii\base\NotSupportedException;

/**
 * QueryBuilder builds a SELECT SQL statement based on the specification given as a [[Query]] object.
 *
 * QueryBuilder can also be used to build SQL statements such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE TABLE,
 * from a [[Query]] object.
 *
 * @author Qiang Xue <qiang.xue@gmail.com>
 * @since 2.0
 */
class QueryBuilder extends \yii\base\Object
{
    /**
     * The prefix for automatically generated query binding parameters.
     */
    const PARAM_PREFIX = ':qp';

    /**
     * @var Connection the database connection.
     */
    public $db;
    /**
     * @var string the separator between different fragments of a SQL statement.
     * Defaults to an empty space. This is mainly used by [[build()]] when generating a SQL statement.
     */
    public $separator = " ";
    /**
     * @var array the abstract column types mapped to physical column types.
     * This is mainly used to support creating/modifying tables using DB-independent data type specifications.
     * Child classes should override this property to declare supported type mappings.
     */
    public $typeMap = [];

    /**
     * Constructor.
     * @param Connection $connection the database connection.
     * @param array $config name-value pairs that will be used to initialize the object properties
     */
    public function __construct($connection, $config = [])
    {
        $this->db = $connection;
        parent::__construct($config);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a SELECT SQL statement from a [[Query]] object.
     * @param Query $query the [[Query]] object from which the SQL statement will be generated.
     * @param array $params the parameters to be bound to the generated SQL statement. These parameters will
     * be included in the result with the additional parameters generated during the query building process.
     * @return array the generated SQL statement (the first array element) and the corresponding
     * parameters to be bound to the SQL statement (the second array element). The parameters returned
     * include those provided in `$params`.
     */
    public function build($query, $params = [])
    {
        $query->prepareBuild($this);

        $params = empty($params) ? $query->params : array_merge($params, $query->params);

        $clauses = [
            $this->buildSelect($query->select, $params, $query->distinct, $query->selectOption),
            $this->buildFrom($query->from, $params),
            $this->buildJoin($query->join, $params),
            $this->buildWhere($query->where, $params),
            $this->buildGroupBy($query->groupBy),
            $this->buildHaving($query->having, $params),
            $this->buildOrderBy($query->orderBy),
            $this->buildLimit($query->limit, $query->offset),
        ];

        $sql = implode($this->separator, array_filter($clauses));

        $union = $this->buildUnion($query->union, $params);
        if ($union !== '') {
            $sql = "($sql){$this->separator}$union";
        }

        return [$sql, $params];
    }

    /**
     * Creates an INSERT SQL statement.
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * $sql = $queryBuilder->insert('user', [
     *	 'name' => 'Sam',
     *	 'age' => 30,
     * ], $params);
     * ~~~
     *
     * The method will properly escape the table and column names.
     *
     * @param string $table the table that new rows will be inserted into.
     * @param array $columns the column data (name => value) to be inserted into the table.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters that will be generated by this method.
     * They should be bound to the DB command later.
     * @return string the INSERT SQL
     */
    public function insert($table, $columns, &$params)
    {
        if (($tableSchema = $this->db->getTableSchema($table)) !== null) {
            $columnSchemas = $tableSchema->columns;
        } else {
            $columnSchemas = [];
        }
        $names = [];
        $placeholders = [];
        foreach ($columns as $name => $value) {
            $names[] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($name);
            if ($value instanceof Expression) {
                $placeholders[] = $value->expression;
                foreach ($value->params as $n => $v) {
                    $params[$n] = $v;
                }
            } else {
                $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
                $placeholders[] = $phName;
                $params[$phName] = !is_array($value) && isset($columnSchemas[$name]) ? $columnSchemas[$name]->typecast($value) : $value;
            }
        }

        return 'INSERT INTO ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' (' . implode(', ', $names) . ') VALUES ('
            . implode(', ', $placeholders) . ')';
    }

    /**
     * Generates a batch INSERT SQL statement.
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * $sql = $queryBuilder->batchInsert('user', ['name', 'age'], [
     *     ['Tom', 30],
     *     ['Jane', 20],
     *     ['Linda', 25],
     * ]);
     * ~~~
     *
     * Note that the values in each row must match the corresponding column names.
     *
     * @param string $table the table that new rows will be inserted into.
     * @param array $columns the column names
     * @param array $rows the rows to be batch inserted into the table
     * @return string the batch INSERT SQL statement
     */
    public function batchInsert($table, $columns, $rows)
    {
        if (($tableSchema = $this->db->getTableSchema($table)) !== null) {
            $columnSchemas = $tableSchema->columns;
        } else {
            $columnSchemas = [];
        }

        foreach ($columns as $i => $name) {
            $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($name);
        }

        $values = [];
        foreach ($rows as $row) {
            $vs = [];
            foreach ($row as $i => $value) {
                if (!is_array($value) && isset($columnSchemas[$columns[$i]])) {
                    $value = $columnSchemas[$columns[$i]]->typecast($value);
                }
                if (is_string($value)) {
                    $value = $this->db->quoteValue($value);
                } elseif ($value === false) {
                    $value = 0;
                } elseif ($value === null) {
                    $value = 'NULL';
                }
                $vs[] = $value;
            }
            $values[] = '(' . implode(', ', $vs) . ')';
        }

        return 'INSERT INTO ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
        . ' (' . implode(', ', $columns) . ') VALUES ' . implode(', ', $values);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an UPDATE SQL statement.
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * $params = [];
     * $sql = $queryBuilder->update('user', ['status' => 1], 'age > 30', $params);
     * ~~~
     *
     * The method will properly escape the table and column names.
     *
     * @param string $table the table to be updated.
     * @param array $columns the column data (name => value) to be updated.
     * @param array|string $condition the condition that will be put in the WHERE part. Please
     * refer to [[Query::where()]] on how to specify condition.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters that will be modified by this method
     * so that they can be bound to the DB command later.
     * @return string the UPDATE SQL
     */
    public function update($table, $columns, $condition, &$params)
    {
        if (($tableSchema = $this->db->getTableSchema($table)) !== null) {
            $columnSchemas = $tableSchema->columns;
        } else {
            $columnSchemas = [];
        }

        $lines = [];
        foreach ($columns as $name => $value) {
            if ($value instanceof Expression) {
                $lines[] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($name) . '=' . $value->expression;
                foreach ($value->params as $n => $v) {
                    $params[$n] = $v;
                }
            } else {
                $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
                $lines[] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($name) . '=' . $phName;
                $params[$phName] = !is_array($value) && isset($columnSchemas[$name]) ? $columnSchemas[$name]->typecast($value) : $value;
            }
        }

        $sql = 'UPDATE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table) . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $lines);
        $where = $this->buildWhere($condition, $params);

        return $where === '' ? $sql : $sql . ' ' . $where;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a DELETE SQL statement.
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * $sql = $queryBuilder->delete('user', 'status = 0');
     * ~~~
     *
     * The method will properly escape the table and column names.
     *
     * @param string $table the table where the data will be deleted from.
     * @param array|string $condition the condition that will be put in the WHERE part. Please
     * refer to [[Query::where()]] on how to specify condition.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters that will be modified by this method
     * so that they can be bound to the DB command later.
     * @return string the DELETE SQL
     */
    public function delete($table, $condition, &$params)
    {
        $sql = 'DELETE FROM ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
        $where = $this->buildWhere($condition, $params);

        return $where === '' ? $sql : $sql . ' ' . $where;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for creating a new DB table.
     *
     * The columns in the new  table should be specified as name-definition pairs (e.g. 'name' => 'string'),
     * where name stands for a column name which will be properly quoted by the method, and definition
     * stands for the column type which can contain an abstract DB type.
     * The [[getColumnType()]] method will be invoked to convert any abstract type into a physical one.
     *
     * If a column is specified with definition only (e.g. 'PRIMARY KEY (name, type)'), it will be directly
     * inserted into the generated SQL.
     *
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * $sql = $queryBuilder->createTable('user', [
     *	 'id' => 'pk',
     *	 'name' => 'string',
     *	 'age' => 'integer',
     * ]);
     * ~~~
     *
     * @param string $table the name of the table to be created. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param array $columns the columns (name => definition) in the new table.
     * @param string $options additional SQL fragment that will be appended to the generated SQL.
     * @return string the SQL statement for creating a new DB table.
     */
    public function createTable($table, $columns, $options = null)
    {
        $cols = [];
        foreach ($columns as $name => $type) {
            if (is_string($name)) {
                $cols[] = "\t" . $this->db->quoteColumnName($name) . ' ' . $this->getColumnType($type);
            } else {
                $cols[] = "\t" . $type;
            }
        }
        $sql = "CREATE TABLE " . $this->db->quoteTableName($table) . " (\n" . implode(",\n", $cols) . "\n)";

        return $options === null ? $sql : $sql . ' ' . $options;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for renaming a DB table.
     * @param string $oldName the table to be renamed. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $newName the new table name. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for renaming a DB table.
     */
    public function renameTable($oldName, $newName)
    {
        return 'RENAME TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($oldName) . ' TO ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($newName);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for dropping a DB table.
     * @param string $table the table to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for dropping a DB table.
     */
    public function dropTable($table)
    {
        return "DROP TABLE " . $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for adding a primary key constraint to an existing table.
     * @param string $name the name of the primary key constraint.
     * @param string $table the table that the primary key constraint will be added to.
     * @param string|array $columns comma separated string or array of columns that the primary key will consist of.
     * @return string the SQL statement for adding a primary key constraint to an existing table.
     */
    public function addPrimaryKey($name, $table, $columns)
    {
        if (is_string($columns)) {
            $columns = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', $columns, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
        }

        foreach ($columns as $i => $col) {
            $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($col);
        }

        return 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table) . ' ADD CONSTRAINT '
            . $this->db->quoteColumnName($name) . '  PRIMARY KEY ('
            . implode(', ', $columns). ' )';
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for removing a primary key constraint to an existing table.
     * @param string $name the name of the primary key constraint to be removed.
     * @param string $table the table that the primary key constraint will be removed from.
     * @return string the SQL statement for removing a primary key constraint from an existing table.	 *
     */
    public function dropPrimaryKey($name, $table)
    {
        return 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' DROP CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->quoteColumnName($name);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for truncating a DB table.
     * @param string $table the table to be truncated. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for truncating a DB table.
     */
    public function truncateTable($table)
    {
        return "TRUNCATE TABLE " . $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for adding a new DB column.
     * @param string $table the table that the new column will be added to. The table name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $column the name of the new column. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $type the column type. The [[getColumnType()]] method will be invoked to convert abstract column type (if any)
     * into the physical one. Anything that is not recognized as abstract type will be kept in the generated SQL.
     * For example, 'string' will be turned into 'varchar(255)', while 'string not null' will become 'varchar(255) not null'.
     * @return string the SQL statement for adding a new column.
     */
    public function addColumn($table, $column, $type)
    {
        return 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' ADD ' . $this->db->quoteColumnName($column) . ' '
            . $this->getColumnType($type);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for dropping a DB column.
     * @param string $table the table whose column is to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $column the name of the column to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for dropping a DB column.
     */
    public function dropColumn($table, $column)
    {
        return "ALTER TABLE " . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . " DROP COLUMN " . $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for renaming a column.
     * @param string $table the table whose column is to be renamed. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $oldName the old name of the column. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $newName the new name of the column. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for renaming a DB column.
     */
    public function renameColumn($table, $oldName, $newName)
    {
        return "ALTER TABLE " . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . " RENAME COLUMN " . $this->db->quoteColumnName($oldName)
            . " TO " . $this->db->quoteColumnName($newName);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for changing the definition of a column.
     * @param string $table the table whose column is to be changed. The table name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $column the name of the column to be changed. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $type the new column type. The [[getColumnType()]] method will be invoked to convert abstract
     * column type (if any) into the physical one. Anything that is not recognized as abstract type will be kept
     * in the generated SQL. For example, 'string' will be turned into 'varchar(255)', while 'string not null'
     * will become 'varchar(255) not null'.
     * @return string the SQL statement for changing the definition of a column.
     */
    public function alterColumn($table, $column, $type)
    {
        return 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table) . ' CHANGE '
            . $this->db->quoteColumnName($column) . ' '
            . $this->db->quoteColumnName($column) . ' '
            . $this->getColumnType($type);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for adding a foreign key constraint to an existing table.
     * The method will properly quote the table and column names.
     * @param string $name the name of the foreign key constraint.
     * @param string $table the table that the foreign key constraint will be added to.
     * @param string|array $columns the name of the column to that the constraint will be added on.
     * If there are multiple columns, separate them with commas or use an array to represent them.
     * @param string $refTable the table that the foreign key references to.
     * @param string|array $refColumns the name of the column that the foreign key references to.
     * If there are multiple columns, separate them with commas or use an array to represent them.
     * @param string $delete the ON DELETE option. Most DBMS support these options: RESTRICT, CASCADE, NO ACTION, SET DEFAULT, SET NULL
     * @param string $update the ON UPDATE option. Most DBMS support these options: RESTRICT, CASCADE, NO ACTION, SET DEFAULT, SET NULL
     * @return string the SQL statement for adding a foreign key constraint to an existing table.
     */
    public function addForeignKey($name, $table, $columns, $refTable, $refColumns, $delete = null, $update = null)
    {
        $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->quoteColumnName($name)
            . ' FOREIGN KEY (' . $this->buildColumns($columns) . ')'
            . ' REFERENCES ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($refTable)
            . ' (' . $this->buildColumns($refColumns) . ')';
        if ($delete !== null) {
            $sql .= ' ON DELETE ' . $delete;
        }
        if ($update !== null) {
            $sql .= ' ON UPDATE ' . $update;
        }

        return $sql;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for dropping a foreign key constraint.
     * @param string $name the name of the foreign key constraint to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $table the table whose foreign is to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for dropping a foreign key constraint.
     */
    public function dropForeignKey($name, $table)
    {
        return 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' DROP CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->quoteColumnName($name);
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for creating a new index.
     * @param string $name the name of the index. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $table the table that the new index will be created for. The table name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string|array $columns the column(s) that should be included in the index. If there are multiple columns,
     * separate them with commas or use an array to represent them. Each column name will be properly quoted
     * by the method, unless a parenthesis is found in the name.
     * @param boolean $unique whether to add UNIQUE constraint on the created index.
     * @return string the SQL statement for creating a new index.
     */
    public function createIndex($name, $table, $columns, $unique = false)
    {
        return ($unique ? 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ' : 'CREATE INDEX ')
            . $this->db->quoteTableName($name) . ' ON '
            . $this->db->quoteTableName($table)
            . ' (' . $this->buildColumns($columns) . ')';
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for dropping an index.
     * @param string $name the name of the index to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @param string $table the table whose index is to be dropped. The name will be properly quoted by the method.
     * @return string the SQL statement for dropping an index.
     */
    public function dropIndex($name, $table)
    {
        return 'DROP INDEX ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($name) . ' ON ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a SQL statement for resetting the sequence value of a table's primary key.
     * The sequence will be reset such that the primary key of the next new row inserted
     * will have the specified value or 1.
     * @param string $table the name of the table whose primary key sequence will be reset
     * @param array|string $value the value for the primary key of the next new row inserted. If this is not set,
     * the next new row's primary key will have a value 1.
     * @return string the SQL statement for resetting sequence
     * @throws NotSupportedException if this is not supported by the underlying DBMS
     */
    public function resetSequence($table, $value = null)
    {
        throw new NotSupportedException($this->db->getDriverName() . ' does not support resetting sequence.');
    }

    /**
     * Builds a SQL statement for enabling or disabling integrity check.
     * @param boolean $check whether to turn on or off the integrity check.
     * @param string $schema the schema of the tables. Defaults to empty string, meaning the current or default schema.
     * @param string $table the table name. Defaults to empty string, meaning that no table will be changed.
     * @return string the SQL statement for checking integrity
     * @throws NotSupportedException if this is not supported by the underlying DBMS
     */
    public function checkIntegrity($check = true, $schema = '', $table = '')
    {
        throw new NotSupportedException($this->db->getDriverName() . ' does not support enabling/disabling integrity check.');
    }

    /**
     * Converts an abstract column type into a physical column type.
     * The conversion is done using the type map specified in [[typeMap]].
     * The following abstract column types are supported (using MySQL as an example to explain the corresponding
     * physical types):
     *
     * - `pk`: an auto-incremental primary key type, will be converted into "int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY"
     * - `bigpk`: an auto-incremental primary key type, will be converted into "bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY"
     * - `string`: string type, will be converted into "varchar(255)"
     * - `text`: a long string type, will be converted into "text"
     * - `smallint`: a small integer type, will be converted into "smallint(6)"
     * - `integer`: integer type, will be converted into "int(11)"
     * - `bigint`: a big integer type, will be converted into "bigint(20)"
     * - `boolean`: boolean type, will be converted into "tinyint(1)"
     * - `float``: float number type, will be converted into "float"
     * - `decimal`: decimal number type, will be converted into "decimal"
     * - `datetime`: datetime type, will be converted into "datetime"
     * - `timestamp`: timestamp type, will be converted into "timestamp"
     * - `time`: time type, will be converted into "time"
     * - `date`: date type, will be converted into "date"
     * - `money`: money type, will be converted into "decimal(19,4)"
     * - `binary`: binary data type, will be converted into "blob"
     *
     * If the abstract type contains two or more parts separated by spaces (e.g. "string NOT NULL"), then only
     * the first part will be converted, and the rest of the parts will be appended to the converted result.
     * For example, 'string NOT NULL' is converted to 'varchar(255) NOT NULL'.
     *
     * For some of the abstract types you can also specify a length or precision constraint
     * by prepending it in round brackets directly to the type.
     * For example `string(32)` will be converted into "varchar(32)" on a MySQL database.
     * If the underlying DBMS does not support these kind of constraints for a type it will
     * be ignored.
     *
     * If a type cannot be found in [[typeMap]], it will be returned without any change.
     * @param string $type abstract column type
     * @return string physical column type.
     */
    public function getColumnType($type)
    {
        if (isset($this->typeMap[$type])) {
            return $this->typeMap[$type];
        } elseif (preg_match('/^(\w+)\((.+?)\)(.*)$/', $type, $matches)) {
            if (isset($this->typeMap[$matches[1]])) {
                return preg_replace('/\(.+\)/', '(' . $matches[2] . ')', $this->typeMap[$matches[1]]) . $matches[3];
            }
        } elseif (preg_match('/^(\w+)\s+/', $type, $matches)) {
            if (isset($this->typeMap[$matches[1]])) {
                return preg_replace('/^\w+/', $this->typeMap[$matches[1]], $type);
            }
        }

        return $type;
    }

    /**
     * @param array $columns
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @param boolean $distinct
     * @param string $selectOption
     * @return string the SELECT clause built from [[Query::$select]].
     */
    public function buildSelect($columns, &$params, $distinct = false, $selectOption = null)
    {
        $select = $distinct ? 'SELECT DISTINCT' : 'SELECT';
        if ($selectOption !== null) {
            $select .= ' ' . $selectOption;
        }

        if (empty($columns)) {
            return $select . ' *';
        }

        foreach ($columns as $i => $column) {
            if ($column instanceof Expression) {
                $columns[$i] = $column->expression;
                $params = array_merge($params, $column->params);
            } elseif (is_string($i)) {
                if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                    $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
                }
                $columns[$i] = "$column AS " . $this->db->quoteColumnName($i);
            } elseif (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                if (preg_match('/^(.*?)(?i:\s+as\s+|\s+)([\w\-_\.]+)$/', $column, $matches)) {
                    $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($matches[1]) . ' AS ' . $this->db->quoteColumnName($matches[2]);
                } else {
                    $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
                }
            }
        }

        return $select . ' ' . implode(', ', $columns);
    }

    /**
     * @param array $tables
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the FROM clause built from [[Query::$from]].
     */
    public function buildFrom($tables, &$params)
    {
        if (empty($tables)) {
            return '';
        }

        $tables = $this->quoteTableNames($tables, $params);

        return 'FROM ' . implode(', ', $tables);
    }

    /**
     * @param array $joins
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the JOIN clause built from [[Query::$join]].
     * @throws Exception if the $joins parameter is not in proper format
     */
    public function buildJoin($joins, &$params)
    {
        if (empty($joins)) {
            return '';
        }

        foreach ($joins as $i => $join) {
            if (!is_array($join) || !isset($join[0], $join[1])) {
                throw new Exception('A join clause must be specified as an array of join type, join table, and optionally join condition.');
            }
            // 0:join type, 1:join table, 2:on-condition (optional)
            list ($joinType, $table) = $join;
            $tables = $this->quoteTableNames((array)$table, $params);
            $table = reset($tables);
            $joins[$i] = "$joinType $table";
            if (isset($join[2])) {
                $condition = $this->buildCondition($join[2], $params);
                if ($condition !== '') {
                    $joins[$i] .= ' ON ' . $condition;
                }
            }
        }

        return implode($this->separator, $joins);
    }

    private function quoteTableNames($tables, &$params)
    {
        foreach ($tables as $i => $table) {
            if ($table instanceof Query) {
                list($sql, $params) = $this->build($table, $params);
                $tables[$i] = "($sql) " . $this->db->quoteTableName($i);
            } elseif (is_string($i)) {
                if (strpos($table, '(') === false) {
                    $table = $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
                }
                $tables[$i] = "$table " . $this->db->quoteTableName($i);
            } elseif (strpos($table, '(') === false) {
                if (preg_match('/^(.*?)(?i:\s+as|)\s+([^ ]+)$/', $table, $matches)) { // with alias
                    $tables[$i] = $this->db->quoteTableName($matches[1]) . ' ' . $this->db->quoteTableName($matches[2]);
                } else {
                    $tables[$i] = $this->db->quoteTableName($table);
                }
            }
        }
        return $tables;
    }

    /**
     * @param string|array $condition
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the WHERE clause built from [[Query::$where]].
     */
    public function buildWhere($condition, &$params)
    {
        $where = $this->buildCondition($condition, $params);

        return $where === '' ? '' : 'WHERE ' . $where;
    }

    /**
     * @param array $columns
     * @return string the GROUP BY clause
     */
    public function buildGroupBy($columns)
    {
        return empty($columns) ? '' : 'GROUP BY ' . $this->buildColumns($columns);
    }

    /**
     * @param string|array $condition
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the HAVING clause built from [[Query::$having]].
     */
    public function buildHaving($condition, &$params)
    {
        $having = $this->buildCondition($condition, $params);

        return $having === '' ? '' : 'HAVING ' . $having;
    }

    /**
     * @param array $columns
     * @return string the ORDER BY clause built from [[Query::$orderBy]].
     */
    public function buildOrderBy($columns)
    {
        if (empty($columns)) {
            return '';
        }
        $orders = [];
        foreach ($columns as $name => $direction) {
            if ($direction instanceof Expression) {
                $orders[] = $direction->expression;
            } else {
                $orders[] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($name) . ($direction === SORT_DESC ? ' DESC' : '');
            }
        }

        return 'ORDER BY ' . implode(', ', $orders);
    }

    /**
     * @param integer $limit
     * @param integer $offset
     * @return string the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses
     */
    public function buildLimit($limit, $offset)
    {
        $sql = '';
        if ($this->hasLimit($limit)) {
            $sql = 'LIMIT ' . $limit;
        }
        if ($this->hasOffset($offset)) {
            $sql .= ' OFFSET ' . $offset;
        }

        return ltrim($sql);
    }

    /**
     * Checks to see if the given limit is effective.
     * @param mixed $limit the given limit
     * @return boolean whether the limit is effective
     */
    protected function hasLimit($limit)
    {
        return is_string($limit) && ctype_digit($limit) || is_integer($limit) && $limit >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * Checks to see if the given offset is effective.
     * @param mixed $offset the given offset
     * @return boolean whether the offset is effective
     */
    protected function hasOffset($offset)
    {
        return is_integer($offset) && $offset > 0 || is_string($offset) && ctype_digit($offset) && $offset !== '0';
    }

    /**
     * @param array $unions
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the UNION clause built from [[Query::$union]].
     */
    public function buildUnion($unions, &$params)
    {
        if (empty($unions)) {
            return '';
        }

        $result = '';

        foreach ($unions as $i => $union) {
            $query = $union['query'];
            if ($query instanceof Query) {
                list($unions[$i]['query'], $params) = $this->build($query, $params);
            }

            $result .= 'UNION ' . ($union['all'] ? 'ALL ' : '') . '( ' . $unions[$i]['query'] . ' ) ';
        }

        return trim($result);
    }

    /**
     * Processes columns and properly quote them if necessary.
     * It will join all columns into a string with comma as separators.
     * @param string|array $columns the columns to be processed
     * @return string the processing result
     */
    public function buildColumns($columns)
    {
        if (!is_array($columns)) {
            if (strpos($columns, '(') !== false) {
                return $columns;
            } else {
                $columns = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', $columns, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
            }
        }
        foreach ($columns as $i => $column) {
            if ($column instanceof Expression) {
                $columns[$i] = $column->expression;
            } elseif (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
            }
        }

        return is_array($columns) ? implode(', ', $columns) : $columns;
    }

    /**
     * Parses the condition specification and generates the corresponding SQL expression.
     * @param string|array $condition the condition specification. Please refer to [[Query::where()]]
     * on how to specify a condition.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws InvalidParamException if the condition is in bad format
     */
    public function buildCondition($condition, &$params)
    {
        static $builders = [
            'NOT' => 'buildNotCondition',
            'AND' => 'buildAndCondition',
            'OR' => 'buildAndCondition',
            'BETWEEN' => 'buildBetweenCondition',
            'NOT BETWEEN' => 'buildBetweenCondition',
            'IN' => 'buildInCondition',
            'NOT IN' => 'buildInCondition',
            'LIKE' => 'buildLikeCondition',
            'NOT LIKE' => 'buildLikeCondition',
            'OR LIKE' => 'buildLikeCondition',
            'OR NOT LIKE' => 'buildLikeCondition',
            'EXISTS' => 'buildExistsCondition',
            'NOT EXISTS' => 'buildExistsCondition',
        ];

        if (!is_array($condition)) {
            return (string) $condition;
        } elseif (empty($condition)) {
            return '';
        }
        if (isset($condition[0])) { // operator format: operator, operand 1, operand 2, ...
            $operator = strtoupper($condition[0]);
            if (isset($builders[$operator])) {
                $method = $builders[$operator];
                array_shift($condition);

                return $this->$method($operator, $condition, $params);
            } else {
                throw new InvalidParamException('Found unknown operator in query: ' . $operator);
            }
        } else { // hash format: 'column1' => 'value1', 'column2' => 'value2', ...

            return $this->buildHashCondition($condition, $params);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a condition based on column-value pairs.
     * @param array $condition the condition specification.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     */
    public function buildHashCondition($condition, &$params)
    {
        $parts = [];
        foreach ($condition as $column => $value) {
            if (is_array($value) || $value instanceof Query) {
                // IN condition
                $parts[] = $this->buildInCondition('IN', [$column, $value], $params);
            } else {
                if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                    $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
                }
                if ($value === null) {
                    $parts[] = "$column IS NULL";
                } elseif ($value instanceof Expression) {
                    $parts[] = "$column=" . $value->expression;
                    foreach ($value->params as $n => $v) {
                        $params[$n] = $v;
                    }
                } else {
                    $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
                    $parts[] = "$column=$phName";
                    $params[$phName] = $value;
                }
            }
        }

        return count($parts) === 1 ? $parts[0] : '(' . implode(') AND (', $parts) . ')';
    }

    /**
     * Connects two or more SQL expressions with the `AND` or `OR` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use for connecting the given operands
     * @param array $operands the SQL expressions to connect.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     */
    public function buildAndCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        $parts = [];
        foreach ($operands as $operand) {
            if (is_array($operand)) {
                $operand = $this->buildCondition($operand, $params);
            }
            if ($operand !== '') {
                $parts[] = $operand;
            }
        }
        if (!empty($parts)) {
            return '(' . implode(") $operator (", $parts) . ')';
        } else {
            return '';
        }
    }

    /**
     * Inverts an SQL expressions with `NOT` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use for connecting the given operands
     * @param array $operands the SQL expressions to connect.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws InvalidParamException if wrong number of operands have been given.
     */
    public function buildNotCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        if (count($operands) != 1) {
            throw new InvalidParamException("Operator '$operator' requires exactly one operand.");
        }

        $operand = reset($operands);
        if (is_array($operand)) {
            $operand = $this->buildCondition($operand, $params);
        }
        if ($operand === '') {
            return '';
        }

        return "$operator ($operand)";
    }

    /**
     * Creates an SQL expressions with the `BETWEEN` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use (e.g. `BETWEEN` or `NOT BETWEEN`)
     * @param array $operands the first operand is the column name. The second and third operands
     * describe the interval that column value should be in.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws InvalidParamException if wrong number of operands have been given.
     */
    public function buildBetweenCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        if (!isset($operands[0], $operands[1], $operands[2])) {
            throw new InvalidParamException("Operator '$operator' requires three operands.");
        }

        list($column, $value1, $value2) = $operands;

        if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
            $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
        }
        $phName1 = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
        $params[$phName1] = $value1;
        $phName2 = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
        $params[$phName2] = $value2;

        return "$column $operator $phName1 AND $phName2";
    }

    /**
     * Creates an SQL expressions with the `IN` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use (e.g. `IN` or `NOT IN`)
     * @param array $operands the first operand is the column name. If it is an array
     * a composite IN condition will be generated.
     * The second operand is an array of values that column value should be among.
     * If it is an empty array the generated expression will be a `false` value if
     * operator is `IN` and empty if operator is `NOT IN`.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws Exception if wrong number of operands have been given.
     */
    public function buildInCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        if (!isset($operands[0], $operands[1])) {
            throw new Exception("Operator '$operator' requires two operands.");
        }

        list($column, $values) = $operands;

        if ($values === [] || $column === []) {
            return $operator === 'IN' ? '0=1' : '';
        }

        if ($values instanceof Query) {
            // sub-query
            list($sql, $params) = $this->build($values, $params);
            $column = (array)$column;
            if (is_array($column)) {
                foreach ($column as $i => $col) {
                    if (strpos($col, '(') === false) {
                        $column[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($col);
                    }
                }
                return '(' . implode(', ', $column) . ") $operator ($sql)";
            } else {
                if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                    $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
                }
                return "$column $operator ($sql)";
            }
        }

        $values = (array) $values;

        if (count($column) > 1) {
            return $this->buildCompositeInCondition($operator, $column, $values, $params);
        }

        if (is_array($column)) {
            $column = reset($column);
        }
        foreach ($values as $i => $value) {
            if (is_array($value)) {
                $value = isset($value[$column]) ? $value[$column] : null;
            }
            if ($value === null) {
                $values[$i] = 'NULL';
            } elseif ($value instanceof Expression) {
                $values[$i] = $value->expression;
                foreach ($value->params as $n => $v) {
                    $params[$n] = $v;
                }
            } else {
                $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
                $params[$phName] = $value;
                $values[$i] = $phName;
            }
        }
        if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
            $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
        }

        if (count($values) > 1) {
            return "$column $operator (" . implode(', ', $values) . ')';
        } else {
            $operator = $operator === 'IN' ? '=' : '<>';

            return $column . $operator . reset($values);
        }
    }

    protected function buildCompositeInCondition($operator, $columns, $values, &$params)
    {
        $vss = [];
        foreach ($values as $value) {
            $vs = [];
            foreach ($columns as $column) {
                if (isset($value[$column])) {
                    $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
                    $params[$phName] = $value[$column];
                    $vs[] = $phName;
                } else {
                    $vs[] = 'NULL';
                }
            }
            $vss[] = '(' . implode(', ', $vs) . ')';
        }
        foreach ($columns as $i => $column) {
            if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
                $columns[$i] = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
            }
        }

        return '(' . implode(', ', $columns) . ") $operator (" . implode(', ', $vss) . ')';
    }

    /**
     * Creates an SQL expressions with the `LIKE` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use (e.g. `LIKE`, `NOT LIKE`, `OR LIKE` or `OR NOT LIKE`)
     * @param array $operands an array of two or three operands
     *
     * - The first operand is the column name.
     * - The second operand is a single value or an array of values that column value
     *   should be compared with. If it is an empty array the generated expression will
     *   be a `false` value if operator is `LIKE` or `OR LIKE`, and empty if operator
     *   is `NOT LIKE` or `OR NOT LIKE`.
     * - An optional third operand can also be provided to specify how to escape special characters
     *   in the value(s). The operand should be an array of mappings from the special characters to their
     *   escaped counterparts. If this operand is not provided, a default escape mapping will be used.
     *   You may use `false` or an empty array to indicate the values are already escaped and no escape
     *   should be applied. Note that when using an escape mapping (or the third operand is not provided),
     *   the values will be automatically enclosed within a pair of percentage characters.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws InvalidParamException if wrong number of operands have been given.
     */
    public function buildLikeCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        if (!isset($operands[0], $operands[1])) {
            throw new InvalidParamException("Operator '$operator' requires two operands.");
        }

        $escape = isset($operands[2]) ? $operands[2] : ['%'=>'\%', '_'=>'\_', '\\'=>'\\\\'];
        unset($operands[2]);

        list($column, $values) = $operands;

        $values = (array) $values;

        if (empty($values)) {
            return $operator === 'LIKE' || $operator === 'OR LIKE' ? '0=1' : '';
        }

        if ($operator === 'LIKE' || $operator === 'NOT LIKE') {
            $andor = ' AND ';
        } else {
            $andor = ' OR ';
            $operator = $operator === 'OR LIKE' ? 'LIKE' : 'NOT LIKE';
        }

        if (strpos($column, '(') === false) {
            $column = $this->db->quoteColumnName($column);
        }

        $parts = [];
        foreach ($values as $value) {
            $phName = self::PARAM_PREFIX . count($params);
            $params[$phName] = empty($escape) ? $value : ('%' . strtr($value, $escape) . '%');
            $parts[] = "$column $operator $phName";
        }

        return implode($andor, $parts);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an SQL expressions with the `EXISTS` operator.
     * @param string $operator the operator to use (e.g. `EXISTS` or `NOT EXISTS`)
     * @param array $operands contains only one element which is a [[Query]] object representing the sub-query.
     * @param array $params the binding parameters to be populated
     * @return string the generated SQL expression
     * @throws InvalidParamException if the operand is not a [[Query]] object.
     */
    public function buildExistsCondition($operator, $operands, &$params)
    {
        if ($operands[0] instanceof Query) {
            list($sql, $params) = $this->build($operands[0], $params);

            return "$operator ($sql)";
        } else {
            throw new InvalidParamException('Subquery for EXISTS operator must be a Query object.');
        }
    }
}